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image: Curia Iulia.JPG in the
Roman Forum,
RomeA
senate is a deliberative body, often the
upper house or chamber of a legislature. There have been many such bodies in history, the first of which was the Roman Senate.
Overview
The word
senate is derived from the
Latin word
senatus (senate), which comes from
senex, "old man". The members or legislators of a senate are called
senators. The Latin word
senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning comes from a very ancient form of even simple social organization in which decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word
senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the
Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade.
Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel
lower house, known variously as the "
House of Representatives", "
House of Commons", "Chamber of Deputies", "National Assembly" or "
House of Assembly", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or Majoritarianism or plurality system, and an electoral basis or
collegium. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some
federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the
United States all states other than Nebraska have a state senate. In Australia all states other than
Queensland have an upper house known as a
legislative council. Several Canadian provinces also once had legislative councils, but these have all been abolished.
Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Australian Senate, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the
Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General of Canada upon the recommendation of the
Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75. Some states have a combination of these two approaches, such as the Jamaican Senate, where thirteen are appointed by the prime minister and eight by the Opposition (parliamentary). In larger countries, the senate often serves a balancing effect by giving a larger share of power to regions or groups which would otherwise be overwhelmed under strictly popular
apportionment.
Alternate meanings
The terms Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:
- In Finland, until 1919, the Senate of Finland was the executive branch and the supreme court.
- In the German States of Germany of Berlin, Bremen (state) and Hamburg, the Senates (or :wikt:Senat in German language) are the executive branch, with Senator (Senator) being the holders of ministerial portfolios. Moreover, also in Germany, bodies of usually five judges in higher court of appeal hearing and deciding cases are called "senates", although the judges are not called "senators". However, in the Land of Bavaria, the Senate was the upper house of parliament until its abolition in 1999.
- In Scotland, judges of the High Court of Justiciary are called Senators of the College of Justice.
- In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called Senators. In federal countries, such Senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with St. Kitts and Nevis, Comoros and Micronesia. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term Senator marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case of Jersey and Dominica.
- The Senate can be the ruling body of a university.
National senates in the world
{{columns |width=300px|col1 =
|col2 =
|col3 =
-->
Defunct senates
{{columns |width=300px|col1 =
Abolished in favor ofunicameral system
|col2 =
Legislature disbanded
|col3 =
New constitution adopted
-->
Fictional senates
See also
image: Curia Iulia.JPG in the Roman Forum,
RomeA
senate is a
deliberative body, often the
upper house or chamber of a legislature. There have been many such bodies in history, the first of which was the Roman Senate.
Overview
The word
senate is derived from the Latin word
senatus (senate), which comes from
senex, "old man". The members or legislators of a senate are called
senators. The Latin word
senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning comes from a very ancient form of even simple social organization in which decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word
senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. The original senate was the
Roman Senate, which lasted until
580. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the
Byzantine Senate continued until the
Fourth Crusade.
Modern democratic states with
bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house, known variously as the "
House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "
Chamber of Deputies", "National Assembly" or "
House of Assembly", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or
Majoritarianism or plurality system, and an electoral basis or
collegium. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some
federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the
United States all states other than Nebraska have a state senate. In
Australia all states other than
Queensland have an upper house known as a
legislative council. Several Canadian provinces also once had legislative councils, but these have all been abolished.
Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the
Australian Senate, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the
Governor General of Canada upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75. Some states have a combination of these two approaches, such as the
Jamaican Senate, where thirteen are appointed by the prime minister and eight by the
Opposition (parliamentary). In larger countries, the senate often serves a balancing effect by giving a larger share of power to regions or groups which would otherwise be overwhelmed under strictly popular apportionment.
Alternate meanings
The terms Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:
- In Finland, until 1919, the Senate of Finland was the executive branch and the supreme court.
- In the German States of Germany of Berlin, Bremen (state) and Hamburg, the Senates (or :wikt:Senat in German language) are the executive branch, with Senator (Senator) being the holders of ministerial portfolios. Moreover, also in Germany, bodies of usually five judges in higher court of appeal hearing and deciding cases are called "senates", although the judges are not called "senators". However, in the Land of Bavaria, the Senate was the upper house of parliament until its abolition in 1999.
- In Scotland, judges of the High Court of Justiciary are called Senators of the College of Justice.
- In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called Senators. In federal countries, such Senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with St. Kitts and Nevis, Comoros and Micronesia. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term Senator marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case of Jersey and Dominica.
- The Senate can be the ruling body of a university.
National senates in the world
{{columns |width=300px|col1 =
|col2 =
|col3 =
-->
Defunct senates
{{columns |width=300px|col1 =
Abolished in favor ofunicameral system
|col2 =
Legislature disbanded
|col3 =
New constitution adopted
-->
Fictional senates
See also
Senator International
description here! ... home page [Print this page] The Senator Group Presents ... The Senator group will be presenting a number of exciting new designs from both the Senator and ...
Senators Drum & Bugle Corps, Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK
News, events, shows, and an overview of this club for 10 to 25 year olds.
U.S. Senate
Official site of "the living symbol of our union of states." Connect with Senators, and learn about Senate committees, legislation, records, art, history, schedules, news, tours ...
Bristol University - Senate
Senate ... Senate is the University’s principal academic body, responsible to Council for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise.
Senators Drum & Bugle Corps, Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK
Welcome to Senators. The Senators Drum & Bugle Corps deliver high quality musical and visual performances, utilising forward facing Brass Instruments, Marching Percussion ...
Senate Office Home Page
Welcome to the Senate Office. The Senate Office provides a service to students and staff across the University. The work of the Senate Office is focused on academic quality ...
Senator International
description here! ... Use the links below to access or go straight to a section within senator.co.uk
Senate
The Senate. The Charter of the University states: There shall be a Senate of the University which shall subject to the Statutes of the University and the control and approval of ...
Senate Training - Consultancy, Management, Security and First Aid ...
A range of security-related and First Aid courses and consultancy services; includes company profile, course and contact details.
Senate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature or Parliament. There have been many such bodies in history, the first of which was the Roman ...
